Collection of data class 11 notes are presented in this post for easy access to the students. By taking these notes, you can stay active and engaged throughout your reading, revision, and lectures. They also help with clear thinking and understanding. Choose the most important ideas to focus on. These notes provide a useful record of important information and its sources. You’ll be able to recall better what you heard with these notes.
- Data
- Primary data collection techniques
Data under Collection of data class 11
A collection of facts and measurements is called data.
- By providing information, data is a tool that aids in reaching a sound conclusion.
- The primary step in any statistical investigation is the collection of data.
Sources of Data
There are two types of data:
- The primary source of collecting data, and
- A secondary source of collecting data.
- Primary means to collect data from its source in its raw form.
- The term “secondary source of data” refers to the collection of data from an organisation or institution that has previously conducted a statistical survey. This is the data that is already collected and we are borrowing it.
Types of Data under Collection of data class 11
There are two types of data: primary data and secondary data.
- Primary data is data that was gathered by the investigator for the first time for his use, from the beginning to the end.
- Secondary Data; These are the data that have already been gathered by someone else and can be found in reports that have been published or not.
Primary Data Collection Techniques
- Direct Personal Investigation; This is the method by which the investigator personally collects data from the information holder.
These are the method’s advantages and disadvantages.
(a) Merits
- Originality; The data collected in this method is original as it is coming directly from the person who possesses the information.
- Reliability; As the data is original and directly coming from the source it is reliable.
- Uniformity; This method is uniform as the information collected is constant and direct.
- Accuracy; The information holder provides the facts and figures with his raw intelligence so the data collected is very accurate.
- Related information; In this method, the investigators can directly communicate with the information provider so there are chances that they might get some additional information about their study.
- Elastic; This method is very flexible.
(b) Demerits
- Difficult to cover wide areas; As the investigation directly takes place it is impossible to collect the information from a large area due to limited resources.
- Costly; This method needs investigating agents and related resources therefore it is a bit costly.
- Personal bias; The investigator or the information provider may have some personal bias towards persons or events that need to be told exactly.
- Limited coverage; The direct investigation is time-consuming and needs effort therefore it can cover only a limited area.
- Indirect Oral Investigation; This is the method by which information is obtained that does not come from the individuals for whom it is required. It is obtained orally from other individuals who are anticipated to have the required information.
The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of this method:
(a) Merits
- Wide coverage; The information can be obtained from direct as well as indirect sources that’s why it can cover wide areas.
- Expert opinion needed; To get the information from this method expert opinion is needed for communication tactics, etc.
- Simple; Due to the absence of direct investigation this method becomes very simple.
- Less expensive; This method does not require resources for the investigation therefore it is comparatively less expensive.
(b) Demerits
- Less accurate; The information is not coming from its primary source therefore it is less accurate.
- Doubtful conclusions; Based on the less accurate information provided by the third party some doubtful conclusions are drawn from the information.
- Biased; The third party responsible for providing the information about a certain person or event can be biased based on their relationships.
- Information from Local Sources or Correspondents; In this method, the investigator appoints local people or correspondents at various locations.
The following is a list of the advantages and disadvantages of this method:
(a) Merits
- Economical; This method is less expensive as fewer resources are required.
- Wide coverage; Due to the availability of more correspondents investigation can be done in a large area.
- Continuity; This method is also very constant and flexible.
- Suitable for special purposes; With the help of this method, the investigation remains intact with its purpose as the correspondents are not biased.
(b) Demerits
- Loss of originality; This method may lead to the acquisition of less original data as the local sources are not able to get the exact information always.
- Personal bias; The local sources may have some personal biases for the people regarding whom information is needed.
- Less accurate; As this method is affected by the personal bias of the local sources, it is less accurate.
- Delay in the collection; This method causes a delay in collecting the data as it is not always uniform.
- Information Through Questionnaires and Schedules;
There are two methods for collecting information using questionnaires:
(a) The Mailing Method; In this method, questionnaires are mailed to the informants. The method works best when
- The study covers a large area.
- The informants have advanced degrees.
(b) Questionnaire filled by the Enumerator; In this method, the Enumerator himself fills the schedules after obtaining information from the Informants.
- When the subject of the investigation is vast, this approach is typically used.
- The investigation requires expertise and specialised knowledge.
- The informants’ native language and cultural norms are well-known to the investigators.
Secondary data collection under Collection of data class 11
Secondary data is data that has already been collected and processed by another organisation.
There are two main types of secondary data
- those that have been published and
- those that have not been published
- Published Sources; Some of the sources of secondary data that have been published are
- Government publications; The state, as well as the central government of India, collects and publishes the data for its use and better administration of the country. For example; Annual Economic Survey, Census, Indian annual book, etc.
- Semi-government publications; Some semi-governmental organisations such as; District boards, municipalities, etc publish their reports on issues like birth, death, etc.
- Reports of committees and commissions; On various occasions, the central and the state appoint some organisations to collect and publish thé important data which enquire about the issue and submit their reports regarding it. For example; Pay commission report.
- Publications of trade associations; Trade institutes like the Institute of CharteredAccountants, Trade unions collect and publish necessary data.
- Publications of research institutions; Research institutes are also engaged in the process of publishing data such as; the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and the National Council of Education Research and Training.
- Journals, and papers; Newspapers and magazines collect economic and social data and publish them in their slots. For example; The Hindu, Outlook money, etc.
- International publications; International institutions publish reports of great value from time to time for example; WHO, IMF, etc.
- Unpublished Sources; These data are collected by government organisations and others, typically for their personal use or official record. This data is collected by other people for the investigation but it’s not published, for example; Reports published by a private organisation.
Precautions
The following considerations must be made when evaluating the data’s reliability, suitability, and adequacy:
- The reliability of secondary data is judged by the goodness and experience of the agency.
- The secondary data should be suitable for the enquiry.
- The scope of the data and method of collection should be considered.
- The time and conditions of the organisation should be taken into account.
The Sampling Method under Collection of data class 11
This is a method in which data are collected about a sample on a group of items taken from the populations for examination and conclusions are drawn based on these findings.
The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of this method:
(a) Merits
- Economical; This method is less expensive as it collects the information from samples which are easier to collect.
- Time-saving; The time taken to collect the samples is also less.
- Large investigation; This method is suitable for a large population as it is not collecting data from the entire population but from a part of it.
- Administrative convenience; It also provides convenience for administering the data.
- More scientific; This method is very scientific as it is based on deciding which samples to collect and which do not.
(b) Demerits
- Partial; The collection of samples may be partial or biased.
- Wrong Conclusions; Sometimes the samples may provide wrong conclusions.
- Difficulty in selecting a representative sample; It is very difficult to select the appropriate sample for the study.
- Difficulty in framing a sample; After collecting the sample it is necessary to frame the sample efficiently which is difficult.
- Specialized knowledge; For this method, we need expertise in collecting the samples.
- Sample: a collection of items selected from the population for an investigation that represents all of the items.
- Errors in Sampling: The difference between the result of studying a sample and the result of taking a census of the entire population is called sampling error.
- Error in Non-Sampling: this can occur in any survey, including sample or census surveys.
Methods of Sampling
- Random Sampling
Any of the following methods can be used for random sampling:
(i) the lottery method
(ii) tables of random numbers
- Purposeful or deliberate sampling; In this method, the researcher chooses the items in the samples that he thinks are the most accurate representation of the universe.
- Stratified or Mixed Sampling; This method of sampling divides the population into distinct strata with distinct characteristics, and some of the items are chosen from each stratum to ensure that the entire population is represented.
- Systematic Sampling; In this method, population units are arranged alphabetically, geographically, and numerically. As a sample, every nth item in the number is chosen.
- Quota Sampling; In this method, the population is broken up into various groups or classes based on various characteristics.
- Convenience Sampling; In this method, the investigator conducts the sampling in a manner that is convenient to him.
Reliability of data
The following factors most significantly affect the reliability of sampling data:
- The size of the sample
- The sampling method
- The bias of correspondents and enumerators
- The training of enumerators
Important national agencies that collect, process, and display statistical data.
- RGI (Registrar General of India)
- DGCIS (Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics), and
- Labour bureaus
NSSO under Collection of data class 11
- The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) was established in 1950 based on the National Income Committee’s recommendations, which were presided over by the late Prof. P. C. Mahalanobis.
- The primary objective of the NSSO was to fill in significant data gaps for the calculation of national income aggregates, particularly about the unorganised and household economy.
- In March 1970, the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) was renamed the NSS. The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation of the current Indian Government houses the organisation known as NSSO. It is the largest organisation in South India and conducts socioeconomic survregularly.
- National surveys on socioeconomic issues are carried out by the NSSO. Reports and the quarterly journal Sarvekshana provide access to the data gathered by NSSO surveys on a variety of socioeconomic topicsRegularly, the NSSO provides estimates of literacy, enrollment in schools, utilisation of educational services, employment, unemployment, manufacturing and service-sector businesses, etc.
- Three kinds of surveys that NSSO involves ;
- Economic and social surveys
- Industry Survey Every Year
- Surveys of agriculture.
- In socio-economic surveys, the NSSO is in charge of everything, from designing the survey to publishing the results. However, NSSO is only responsible for collecting data from the field for the other two surveys.
- There are four divisions in the NSSO organisation;
- Survey Design and Research Division(SDRD)
- Field of Operations Division (FOD)
- Data Processing Division(DPD)
- Coordination and Publication Division (CPD)
Activities of NSSO under Collection of data class 11
- Carries out integrated socioeconomic surveys with multiple subjects.
- Carries out fieldwork for the Annual Survey of Industries and subsequent Economic Census surveys.
- Carries out sample checks on State Statistical agencies’ crop estimation and area enumeration surveys.
- Makes the urban frames that can be used to draw urban samples.
- Gather price information from both urban and rural sectors.
- For methodological studies, conducts pilot inquiries and ad hoc surveys.
In terms of the collection, processing, and dissemination of NSS data, NSSO is run by a Governing Council with the necessary independence and autonomy. NSSO has come to be associated with accurate, large-scale sample survey-based estimates of various aspects of economic and social life in India and elsewhere.
Census
The Census method; This is the method in which data is collected covering every item of the universe or population relating to the problem or purpose under investigation.
The most comprehensive and ongoing demographic record of the population is provided by the Census of India.
- Since 1881, the Census has been taken regularly every ten years.
- In 1951, the first Census since independence was taken.
- Researchers in a wide range of fields, including demography, economics, anthropology, statistics, and sociology, have found the Indian Census to be a fascinating source of data.
- The Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, which is part of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, is in charge of carrying out the Census.
- The population’s size, density, sex ratio, literacy, migration, rural-to-urban distribution, and other details are all gathered by the Census.
- The Indian census is more than just a statistical exercise; the data are also interestingly interpreted and analysed.
- India’s most recent census was conducted in 2011. It was the seventh census since independence in 1947, making it the 15th census in a row.
The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of this method:
(a) Merits
- Reliable and accurate; This method is very appropriate as it collects information from every aspect.
- Less biased; The investigators and information providers are transferring the information without any personal bias.
- Extensive information; With the help of this information the investigators can also get additional information.
- Study of diverse characteristics; With this method investigators can collect very diverse information and facts which will be useful for more than one purpose.
- Study of complex investigation; As this method provides accurate data, the information can be used for studying complex studies.
(b) Demerits
- Expensive; This method is expensive as it requires more resources to collect information from every part of the population.
- Large manpower; To collect the information from such a large population we need more manpower under this method.
Conclusion
Collection of data class 11 notes give a wholesome definition of supply and various related concepts. These notes also provide the factors affecting the price elasticity of demand. You can stay active and engaged throughout your reading, revision, and lectures by taking these notes. Additionally, they aid in clear thinking and comprehension. Selectively identify important ideas. A useful record of important information and its sources can be found in these notes. These notes will help you remember what you heard better.